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Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001), a Nobel laureate, was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, and computer scientist whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics, management, philosophy of science, sociology, and political science, unified by studies of decision-making. With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century. For many years he held the post of Richard King Mellon Professor at Carnegie Mellon University Simon was among the founding fathers of several of today's important scientific domains, including artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, attention economics, organization theory, complex systems, and computer simulation of scientific discovery. He coined the terms ''bounded rationality'' and ''satisficing'', and was the first to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions.〔Simon, H. A., 1955, Biometrika 42, 425.〕 He also received many top-level honors later in life. These include: becoming a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959;〔http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf〕 election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1967;〔(National Academy of Sciences ). Nas.nasonline.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.〕 APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (1969);the ACM's Turing Award for making "basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing" (1975); the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" (1978); the National Medal of Science (1986); the APA's Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology (1993); ACM fellow (1994); and IJCAI Award for Research Excellence (1995). A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Simon as the 37th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. As a testament to his interdisciplinary approach, Simon was affiliated with such varied Carnegie Mellon departments as the School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, departments of Philosophy, Social and Decision Sciences, and Psychology. Simon received an honorary Doctor of Political science degree from University of Pavia in 1988 and an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Harvard University in 1990. ==Early life and education== Herbert Alexander Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 15, 1916. His father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948), was an electrical engineer who had come to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree from the Technische Hochschule of Darmstadt.〔Simon 1991, p.3, 23〕 An inventor who was granted "several dozen patents", his father also was an independent patent attorney.〔Simon 1991 p. 20〕 His mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel, was an accomplished pianist whose ancestors had come from Prague and Cologne.〔Simon 1991 p.3〕 His European ancestors had been piano makers, goldsmiths, and vintners. Simon's father was Jewish and his mother came from a family with Jewish, Lutheran, and Catholic backgrounds.〔 Simon called himself an atheist. Simon was educated as a child in the public school system in Milwaukee where he developed an interest in science. He found schoolwork to be interesting, but rather easy. Unlike many children, Simon was exposed to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically at a relatively young age due to the influence of his mother’s younger brother, Harold Merkel, who had studied economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under John R. Commons. Through his uncle’s books on economics and psychology, Simon discovered the social sciences. Among his earliest influences, Simon has cited Richard Ely’s economics textbook, Norman Angell’s ''The Great Illusion'', and Henry George’s ''Progress and Poverty''. In 1933, Simon entered the University of Chicago, and following those early influences, he studied the social sciences and mathematics. He was interested in biology, but chose not to study it because of his "color-blindness and awkwardness in the laboratory".〔Simon 1991 p. 39〕 He chose instead to focus on political science and economics. His most important mentor at the University was Henry Schultz who was an econometrician and mathematical economist. Simon received both his B.A. (1936) and his Ph.D. (1943) in political science, from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Harold Lasswell and Charles Edward Merriam.〔Augier & March 2001〕 After enrolling in a course on "Measuring Municipal Governments," Simon was invited to be a research assistant for Clarence Ridley, with whom he coauthored the book, ''Measuring Municipal Activities'', in 1938,〔Simon 1991 p. 64〕 the same year that he and Dorothea married. Eventually his studies led him to the field of organizational decision-making, which would become the subject of his doctoral dissertation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herbert A. 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